Hacktivism Essay - 1832 Words

Introduction Walk through the grocery store or go to buy a computer or a car, you will see labels for no steroids or additives, â€Å"This item meets energy star requirements†, or an EPA rating sticker. These primarily have come about from activist and lobbyist. Activism has definitely shaped our society for better or worse. Activism has long been a practice in American society. Only recently has the Internet become a factor in political participation. Hacktivism has brought a new method of activism where people all over the world can participate in. But is this new form of activism ethical from any standpoint? This paper will discuss the ethics behind hacktivism. Ethics Merriam-Webster defines ethic as â€Å"the discipline dealing with what†¦show more content†¦(McGeehan, n.d.) The 1980s were remembered for the activism surrounding the issue of HIV/AIDS (OutHistory, 2010) and the 1990s were filled with people interested in bringing to light social issues such as abortion, nuclear proliferation, environmental protection, rights for those with disabilities and continued civil rights issues (Martin, 2007). This isn’t a complete list of course but it is a rough outline of the things that concerned citizens during a 30-year period of American history. Activism has been a huge part of our society, just look at how we came to America in the first place. Activism tends to more in favor of people and their rights, but we do have laws against violence and damaging property. Activism has come in peaceful protests, to boycotting products, to burning down buildings and starting wars. Depending on the passion of the individuals and how far they are willing to go a lot of harm can come from activism. Yet activism seems to carve society in such a way to conform if the move is strong enough. Is it justified to kill people over slavery? Ultimately probably not, but some may think so. The age of computing has brought us closer together as a global community. The Internet allows us to speak to a worldwide audience. With the increased use of computers, networking and digital storage of documents, more accessibility has come about. People can share thousands of documents fromShow MoreRelatedIs Hacktivism Morally Permissible?2375 Words   |  10 Pages Is Hacktivism Morally Permissible? In Himma’s terms, â€Å"hacktivism will be understood as involving unauthorized digital intrusions for the purpose of protesting some injustice or advancing some political agenda.† (Himma 14) An unauthorized digital intrusion is the manipulation of computers and networks belonging to someone else who in turn has their property rights violated. (Himma 1) Himma argues hacktivism is morally impermissible if and only if it harms innocent people or if the hacktivist staysRead MoreThe Liberties, Ideologies, And Effects Of Hacktivism1699 Words   |  7 Pagesand effects of hacktivism. Hacktivism, is the combination of hacking and activism, and is where a hacker creates a technology-centered disturbance with a political or social motive. Unlawful hackers typically cause cyber damage for amusement, or monetary gain. While traditional hackers are perceived as criminals, hacktivists are a transgressive group. Cyberterrorism is the most extreme version of hacking, where the goal i s to cause permanent damage. There are benefits to hacktivism such as, anyoneRead MoreThe Rise Of Hacktivism : A Form Of Protest1815 Words   |  8 PagesThe Rise of Hacktivism: a Form of Protest In this day and age living in the era of the computer, it has become more mainstream and common to hear of cyber attacks, and crime being committed on the internet. Activism however, has become a prominent way to protest or argue a political view. Using related technologies and the internet have become a vital way for some to share their views. With the rise of the internet, â€Å"hacktivism† has become a prominent way for protest groups to express while alsoRead MoreA Perfect Example Of Civic Hacking1001 Words   |  5 Pagesweather; it simply allows users to avoid streets that are unplowed and lets them examine possible alternate routes. Without the efforts of civic hackers, citizens could be left stranded on unplowed city streets. A third positive example of hacking is hacktivism. Though hacktivists have a more subtle positive effect, they consistently bring controversial decisions and topics to light. Hacktivists are hackers that use their talent to be activists that support a certain cause. Most are politically motivatedRead MoreEnemy Of The System1454 Words   |  6 PagesTimothy Garbanzos Professor Norbert Hill Hacktivism Argumentative Research Paper English Composition 1302-12805 25 March, 2017 Hacktivist: Enemy of the System In January 2008, the noteable hacktivist group, Anonymous, bashed and instigated the Church of Scientology for simply wanting to remove a video interview of Scientologist Tom Cruise. Anonymous were shocked at the news and gave screams of â€Å"INTERNET CENSORSHIP IS A SIN† and â€Å"INFORMATION WAS BORN FREE† across their keyboards. Hand in hand withRead MoreEthical Use Of The World Wide Web1619 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Use of the World Wide Web For or Against Hacktivism, A Fierce Tug-of-War On November 28, 2010, a statement from the White House said, â€Å"We condemn in the strongest terms the unauthorized disclosure of classified documents and sensitive national security information† (Statement by the Press Secretary). Meanwhile, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and American ambassadors around the world were contacting foreign officials to alert them to the unexpected disclosure (Shane and Lehren). EarlierRead MoreWikileaks : A Perfect Record Forever1271 Words   |  6 Pagesword but it means so much more than that. It is one of the most important values everywhere we go. One can never go wrong with being honest, not only being honest to others but being honest to oneself as well. As what Dorothy Denning wrote about Hacktivism, â€Å"It has become not only a popular means of activism, but also an instrument of national power that is challenging international relations and international law.† Hacktivists are one of the groups and individuals in the world that are advocate ofRead MoreThe Article Hacking As Politically Motivated Digital Civil Disobedience1179 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Essay In the article Hacking as Politically Motivated Digital Civil Disobedience: Is Hacktivism Morally Justified? by Kenneth Einar Himma, She argues that the as an electronic civil disobedience, hacktivism is morally impermissible. Kenneth claims that the acts of civil disobedience is not always morally permissible because the nature of it is disobeying the state of the law and it is more expressive than the right to free speech. Then she discusses the framework to evaluate acts ofRead MoreThe Is A Good Thing For Society?1019 Words   |  5 PagesHacktivism is the act of hacking, or breaking into a computer system, for a politically or socially motivated purpose. This term has been around since the 1980s, but never has it been more prevalent than now. It seems that not a week can go by without one of these online incidents appearing on the news. With technology advancing, it raises the following question: Are hacktivists beneficial or detrimental to society? After a careful analysis of the pros and cons, one side of this question becomesRead MoreHacking sweeps the nation Essay2084 Words   |  9 Pagesas a group. A new revolution sweeping the nation is being described as â€Å"hacktivism†, and is said to be a whole new hybrid of fending for people’s human rights (Brandon, Pg. 1). This statement is true; the protesters have now managed to use hacking as a tool to get their message across, by causing costly damages to large corporations, unjust acts, and many other things that deserve revenge. â€Å" Hacktivism is the act of hacking, or breaking into a computer system, for a politically or socially

Argentina PESTLE analysis Free Essays

POLITICAL Argentina government has a strong democratic setup. In 2011, President Fernandez de Kirchner won the presidency for the second time. Her government has been successful at introducing reforms to encourage regional trade and support private sector investment, particularly for the development of the country’s infrastructure, primarily through private-public partnership. We will write a custom essay sample on ï » ¿Argentina PESTLE analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The government has also announced the creation of the oil planning commission, emphasizing its interest in the oil industry1. The Fernandez government is increasingly reliant on interventionist policies that fail to solve underlying structural problems and has been involved in several inflation figures manipulation and corruption charges, including a commotion with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concerning inaccurate governance indicators impairing the economic outlook and deterring investment2. This has generated public discontent raising increasing protest against the government and a rapid decline in Fernandez popularity3. Argentina foreign policies are mainly concentrated on developing regional trading relations (Mercosur and UnaSur), the country has a good partnership with the UN and has been working on improving relations with the US, with particular interest to develop the technology and science sectors. Nevertheless, relations with the UK have deteriorated following an official complaint to the UN regarding the Falkland Islands ECONOMIC Following the global financial crisis the Argentine economy has achieved a healthy recovery, predominantly through an increasing trade relationship with China, boosting substantially the country’s trade volume and generating a trading surplus5. However, the major concern for the economy is inflation and the great discrepancy of approximately 15% between official and non-governmental estimates. In addition, the government has increased regulatory intervention and thus reduced economic freedom and development. The government’s recent nationalisation of oil giant YPF owned by the Spanish Company Repsol and of the private pension funds have furthermore hindered private and foreign investment. These factors combined with high public debt levels and low foreign-exchange reserves have constrained the potential for economic growth and left the country at increased risk of recession. Argentina has a strong automotive industry. The government is aiming to attract further investments into the country’s automotive sector by lessening the regulatory framework obstacles and offering subsidies and incentives6. SOCIAL Argentina is a traditionally urban country and continues to experience high migration from rural areas. The urban centres enjoy a relatively high standard of living comparable to other Latin American countries, with notable healthcare and educational facilities. Argentina is facing the problems posed by an aging population. This is projected to affect government’s social security budgets and generate fiscal burdens. Despite a comprehensive education system restructuring and an improving primary school education system, dropout rates continue to rise sharply7. This will eventually lead to a significant increase in the proportion of unskilled workers. TECHNOLOGICAL With a strong telecommunications industry and a growing IT market, Argentina has shown significant growth in both sectors. The government has implemented plans to augment IT service penetration in rural areas. In addition, it has supported biofuel RD in an effort to preserve energy security and accelerate technological development. Argentina’s energy industry is in a deplorable state as they are now a net energy importer, eroding the country’s foreign-currency reserves9. As a result, the government has shown an increasing interest in science and technology and in the biotechnology industry. However, as a result of  inadequate investment in RD, there is a low degree of innovation resulting in a reduced number of patents granted. Moreover, the lack of respect for intellectual property rights and copyrights has exacerbated the problem. LEGAL Argentina has a comprehensive legal and regulatory structure and a federal republican representative government, where each province has its own constitution. In addition, complex and bureaucratic business regulations and strong union and government ties have resulted in wages increasing at 25-35% annual rates. Furthermore, high taxes have been detrimental to investment. For instance, income and corporate tax rates are both set at 35% added to corporate social security tax of between 23% and 27%. These additional costs place an undue burden in industry. Notwithstanding the introduction of criminal liability for money laundering offences, the judicial system requires an important overhaul to improve its effectiveness and to generate a conducive environment for new business ventures and investments. ENVIRONMENTAL Despite having a remarkable biodiversity and vast natural resources, the Argentinian government has been overexploiting its natural resources as a side effect of the rapid economic development. Increasing deforestation and the destruction of natural habitats have been accelerated by soybean cultivation and beef production11. Water and air pollution are major problems, particularly around industrial metropolitan areas. Rising concerns over environmental degradation have resulted in ambitious schemes from the government to develop renewable energy sources. The government has initiated measures to collaborate with prominent multinational organisations to develop biofuel production with particular interest in ethanol from sugarcane pulp12. Moreover, the Argentine government, in partnership with Chinese investments is constructing the largest wind power project in Latin America and is projected to provide 4% of Argentina’s power requirements. 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Rehabilitation of Criminals A Waste of Time or Wo Essay Example For Students

Rehabilitation of Criminals: A Waste of Time or Wo Essay rth The Effort?By: Heather RoseSince 1960, the number of violent crimes committed per capita in theUnited States has increased by more than 450%. More than 24,000 murders tookplace in America in 1991.. With each passing year, rapes, robberies, murder, andother forms of extreme violence has become a way of life for some individualswho fall short of societys norms; however, it is only a small portion ofcriminals who commit the majority of the crimes. It is no longer rare to be avictim of a violent crime or to know someone who has been affected . Get tough laws passed by many states have caused a increase in prisonspending. Prison populations in the 1980s have more than doubled resulting inmore prisons being built every year. Even with all the harsh sentencingguidelines, judges are not sentencing criminals to do necessary time . Prisonshave become a revolving door society. Only 25% of those convicted are sent toprison. Judges usually have to let out a inmate before another one can take hisplace. There are limited cells in prisons, so the majority of crimes arepunished by probation or court sanctions. Even when longer sentences are given,they are rarely served. The average murderer spends about six years in prison. What factors decide the outcome of such individuals? Some experts feelthere is no absolute answer, only speculation. There is however, a strongrelationship between environment and the outcome of offenders. Low income, pooreducation,drugs, and family breakdown are some factors that keep repeating incases of habitual offenders; however, the public sees the problem lies with theavailability of guns and lack of morals. Only one factor stands out in bothpublic and professional opinion, drugs. To deal with crime, we must first go to the root of the problem. TheAmerican society is a breeding ground for violent crime. Preventative measuresmust be implemented to stop such behavior before it starts. Teaching familyvalues in after school programs is a step in the right direction. Programs thatteach respect, anger management, and accountability for ones own actions is amust in todays society. Prison programs for the first time offender to help them becomeproductive members of society can be a step in the right direction.Teachinginmates how to manage anger, drug counseling, people skills, as well as teachingblue collar trade to inmates will ease the transition from prison to the outsideworld. When the inmate is released, a half way house should be the residence ofthe former inmate until adjustments are made. This way a person coming intosociety will not be overwhelmed by his new found freedom. Giving them backtheir freedoms back a little at a time. Community policing should be promoted in every urban area. Communitypolicing helps unite citizens together, establish relations between police andits citizens, and helps establish pride in neighborhoods. Bonds betweenneighbors are strengthened and unity is achieved. Family restructuring services should be implemented by the state and runby community leaders. Services for families in need could include, mental healthcounseling, living and coping skills, anger management classes, and domesticviolence help. Services should not be limited to those individuals who fall intocertain brackets( financial ), but to anyone in the community who desires helpto lead a productive life. After school programs to keep juveniles of the streets should reducecrimes in communities. Children with nothing to do will find ways to entertainthemselves, usually this leads to criminal mischief. After school programsalready in use at public schools have had a sharp decrease in criminal relatedmischief. Programs such as sports and homework help has helped in reducingdropout rates. .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b , .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b .postImageUrl , .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b , .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b:hover , .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b:visited , .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b:active { border:0!important; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b:active , .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubd6ce67d0c66a5dad3f4a85945201b6b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Time Capsule EssayCategory: History

Marriage is Outdated and No Longer Suits Modern Lifestyles and Attitudes

Marriage is a social unification between two persons that make them legally, socially and emotionally attached. The UK and other westernized countries are increasingly becoming secular. The religious and nonreligious persons view marriage as unnecessary and out dated. Certain issues make them have such feelings towards the union. These issues include; high rates of divorce, possibility of procreation outside marriage. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage is Outdated and no Longer Suits Modern Lifestyles and Attitudes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other issues are; financial stability of both sexes, possibility of child adoption, autonomy in life and changing trends in sexual behavior. The above mentioned issues are of great apprehension in modern lifestyles. They do not perceive the essence of entering in to marriage when they can accomplish most of the above mentioned issues outside marriage. This render s marriage out dated and no longer suits their lifestyle. Divorce Divorce is a tendency that portrays marriage as an out dated tradition. There is an elevated rate of divorce as witnessed in the world, from the Prince of Wales, Nelson Mandela to Tiger woods. Divorce does not discriminate on the basis of social backgrounds. Most people shun marriage because of the fear of experiencing divorce. It is noteworthy that costs as they pertain to divorce are sky-rocketing in a capitalist society. In the end, divorce victims suffer mental or financial instability. It is noteworthy that Infidelity is a triggering factor for divorce. In the contemporary lifestyle, most married couples find infidelity as the most noticeable dread. Individuals engaging in extra-marital associations ultimately dishonor their marriages thus culminating in separation. Most young people argue that they do not want to spend their life with one partner and end up facing painful separation procedures. They desire the autonomy to select different partners at a given time. In modern lifestyles, the attitudes towards marriage contradict the customary tendencies. Low earnings might also culminate in divorce. This leads to dissatisfaction of family needs. In modern lifestyle, most people do not want to get involved in such financial tussle, so they prefer to cohabit (Alison, 2007 pp, 150). This is experienced amongst unemployed individuals or those with low income. They cohabit with affluent elderly partners for financial satisfaction. This is a clear indication that marriage no longer suits their existence Unfair allotment of household labor decreases marital quality and leads to strenuous relations. This makes couples terminate such unsatisfying unions. It is evident that both men and women pursue their dream careers in the contemporary lifestyles (Cornelia, 2007 pp. 45). It gets complicated for a married couple to divide house-hold labor equally. This makes the young people shun marriage thus view ing it as an obstacle towards future accomplishments.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Procreation In ancient time, couples got married because they exuded affection for each other to aid the procreation process. Marriage was a sacred institution and a merger between two adults thus the need for respect (Berry, 1988, pp, 60). In most cases, the men were bread winners in the marriage. They were tasked with providing for the children and wife. This perspective has changed with the introduction of new lifestyles. Marriage is portrayed as unnecessary, since most unmarried people tend to accomplish same targets as married couples. For example, one can decide to conceive children with a partner not married to them, as long as he or she is monetarily stable. They provide for children; however, they maintain their solitary status. They do not perceive the essence of entering into a marr iage for procreation when they can accomplish this outside marriage (Kerber, 2005 pp. 85). Child adoption Incidences of child adoption are wide spread in modern lifestyles. It is a way of having children without going through natural child bearing procedure, which includes having sexual relations thus, pregnancy. This is mainly practiced by the unmarried individuals, who view marriage as outdated. Whereas in the past, one was required to enter into a marriage institution before having children, such instances are steadily reducing. Child adoption by single individuals is triggered by experiences that do not accommodate parenting. This means that current lifestyles accommodate child adoption processes outside marriage. Financial stability In the past, most women entered into nuptials with a man who was economically stable. This perception as it pertains to marriage is, however, old-fashioned. As illustrated earlier, in modern lifestyle both men and women pursue their dream careers t hus acquiring financial stability. Attitudes pertaining to monetary stability make individuals stay away from marriages since people are no longer financially dependent (Weisner, 2006, pp, 208). Independence Marriages in the past were a union between adults that made couple depends on each within the social context, expressively and financially. This meant that all decisions in the family were subject to consultation; however, consultations were at times disregarded. Men were the main bread winners; this meant that some of the decisions were taken without consultation. This dictatorial behavior makes the modern feminine population shy away from marriage. They believe it is a male dominated institution, thus most young women value their autonomy (Nielsen, 2000 pp, 246).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage is Outdated and no Longer Suits Modern Lifestyles and Attitudes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Changi ng human sexual behaviors In the past, sex amongst unmarried persons was not allowed. Adults had sexual relations with their spouses within the confinement of a marriage institution. In modern lifestyle, there are alterations in sexual behaviors. The society does not see the essence of entering in to marriage so as to achieve sexual satisfaction. They prefer to achieve this outside marriage. This has branded marriage as an outdated tradition. In the contemporary lifestyle, HIV and other STDs have emerged (turner, 1990 pp, 361). This has made individuals avoid marriage for fear of getting infected; arguing that partners would demand conjugal rights consequently propagating infection. Conclusion Marriage in the past was a holy union between two adults. The high rate of divorce estimated at 50% has tainted the image of marriage in modern lifestyles. This has made people avoid commitment. In the ancient times, marriage was mainly used for procreation purposes. It is noteworthy that mode rn lifestyles propagate procreation outside marriage, thus most people regard marriage as outdated. Some individuals prefer to adopt children other than conceiving and giving birth. In the past, women entered into marriages to be provided for; with this, it meant they propagated dependency. In the modern lifestyles, both men and women pursue their occupation and have lucrative jobs. Such women tend to remain independent, thus end up getting children with different men. This is because they are financially stable thus can provide for children on their own. Ancient marriages discouraged sex amongst persons that were not married; however, in contemporary lifestyle, sex amongst unmarried persons is common. Individuals are likely to accrue sexual satisfaction with partners who are single like them. Emergences of STDs have led to avoidance of marriages in contemporary lifestyles. List of References Hantrais, A 2004, Family policy matters: responding to family change in Europe. Bristol, U K, Policy press, pp, 66 Clarke-Stewart, A, Brentano, Cornelia 2007, Divorce: causes and consequences. USA.yale University press, pp, 45-150Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kerber, K 2005, Marriage procreation and divorce. New Delhi, India. Global Vision Publishing House, 2005, pp, 85 Turner, C 1990, AIDS: Sexual behavior and intravenous drug use. Washington DC. USA, National academy press, pp, 361 Yoshikawa, H. Weisner, T, Lowe, E 2006, Making it work: low-wage employment, family life and child development, New York.USA. Russell sage foundation publications, pp, 208 This essay on Marriage is Outdated and no Longer Suits Modern Lifestyles and Attitudes was written and submitted by user Kadence T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Advantages of Biotechnology essays

The Advantages of Biotechnology essays Biotechnology is a powerful, controversial and critical topic dealing with disease, genetics, and the use of microorganisms or other biological substances to make industrial or manufacturing processes. Biotechnology has spawned many new ideas and discoveries to benefit society. It plays a part in healing the sick with antibiotics and vaccines, hybridization in plants to produce bigger and more desirable food crops, sterilization of food goods and equipment, and understanding genetics and reproduction. Although biotechnology offers humankind many great opportunities, it can also be very destructive and deadly. Since the beginning of man, many biological means have been used to fight wars. The Romans fouled their enemies' water; the Tartars used bubonic plague to infect their war opponents and the British spread smallpox to the Indians in North America. These diseases are just a few of the highly toxic microorganisms involved in one of the negative sides of this complex! technology. Other objectionable uses of biotechnology include unethical genetic alterations and the overuse and malpractice of antibiotics which can induce a bacterial resistance to many diseases making them difficult to cure. Biological technology has introduced many possibilities and some potentially hideous ones but guided by ethically sound judgment and reasoning this technology will advance humanity into the new millennium and improve the quality of life. The earliest recorded use of biotechnology was the making of beer with yeast organisms by the Sumerians and Babylonians in 6000 BC. Two thousand years later, the Egyptians found they could make leavened bread and yogurt using yeast and certain cheeses with molds. Using the process of fermentation, they also made vinegar and wine. In 400 BC, Hippocrates hypothesized that male's hereditary information was carried and transported in the semen. Later in 1668 AD, Francesco Redi used a controlled experiment ( f...

Gen. Henry Hap Arnold - World War II History

Gen. Henry Hap Arnold - World War II History Henry Harley Arnold (born at Gladwyne, PA on June 25, 1886) had a military career peppered with many successes and few failures. He was the only officer to ever hold the rank of General of the Air Force. He died January 15,  1950  and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Early Life The son of a doctor, Henry Harley Arnold was born at Gladwyne, PA on June 25, 1886. Attending Lower Merion High School, he graduated in 1903 and applied to West Point. Entering the academy, he proved a renowned prankster but only a pedestrian student. Graduating in 1907, he ranked 66th out of a class of 111. Though he desired to enter the cavalry, his grades and disciplinary record prevented this and he was assigned to the 29th Infantry as a second lieutenant. Arnold initially protested this assignment but ultimately relented and joined his unit in the Philippines. Learning to Fly While there, he befriended Captain Arthur Cowan of the US Army Signal Corps. Working with Cowan, Arnold aided in creating maps of Luzon. Two years later, Cowan was ordered to take command of the Signal Corps newly-formed Aeronautical Division. As part of this new assignment, Cowan was directed to recruit two lieutenants for pilot training. Contacting Arnold, Cowan learned of the young lieutenants interest in obtaining a transfer. After some delays, Arnold was transferred to the Signal Corps in 1911 and began flight training at the Wright Brothers flying school in Dayton, OH. Taking his first solo flight on May 13, 1911, Arnold earned his pilot license later that summer. Sent to College Park, MD with his training partner, Lieutenant Thomas Millings, he set several altitude records as well as became the first pilot to carry US Mail. Over the next year, Arnold began to develop a fear of flying after witnessing and being a part of several crashes. Despite this, he won the prestigious Mackay Trophy in 1912 for the most meritorious flight of the year. On November 5, Arnold survived a near-fatal crash at Fort Riley, KS and removed himself from flight status. Returning to the Air Returning to the infantry, he was again posted to the Philippines. While there he met 1st Lieutenant George C. Marshall and the two became life-long friends. In January 1916, Major Billy Mitchell offered Arnold a promotion to captain if he returned to aviation. Accepting, he traveled back to College Park for duty as the supply officer for the Aviation Section, US Signal Corps. That fall, aided by his friends in the flying community, Arnold overcame his fear of flying. Sent to Panama in early 1917 to find a location for an airfield, he was en route back to Washington when he learned of the US entry into World War I. World War I Though he desired to go to France, Arnolds aviation experience led to him being retained in Washington at the Aviation Sections headquarters. Promoted to the temporary ranks of major and colonel, Arnold oversaw the Information Division and lobbied for the passage of a large aviation appropriations bill. Though mostly unsuccessful, he gained valuable insight into negotiating the politics of Washington as well as the development and procurement of aircraft. In the summer of 1918, Arnold was dispatched to France to brief General John J. Pershing on new aviation developments. Interwar Years Following the war, Mitchell was transferred to the new US Army Air Service and was posted to Rockwell Field, CA. While there, he developed relationships with future subordinates such as Carl Spaatz and Ira Eaker. After attending the Army Industrial College, he returned to Washington to the Office of the Chief of Air Service, Information Division, where he became a devout follower of the now-Brigadier General Billy Mitchell. When the outspoken Mitchell was court-martialed in 1925, Arnold risked his career by testifying on behalf of the air power advocate. For this and for leaking pro-airpower information to the press, he was professionally exiled to Fort Riley in 1926 and given command of the 16th Observation Squadron. While there, he befriended Major General James Fechet, the new head of the US Army Air Corps. Intervening on Arnolds behalf, Fechet had him sent to the Command and General Staff School. Graduating in 1929, his career began to progress again and he held a variety of peacetime commands. After winning a second Mackay Trophy in 1934 for a flight to Alaska, Arnold was given command of the Air Corps First Wing in March 1935 and promoted to brigadier general. That December, against his wishes, Arnold returned to Washington and was made Assistant Chief of the Air Corps with responsibility for procurement and supply. In September 1938, his superior, Major General Oscar Westover, was killed in a crash. Shortly thereafter, Arnold was promoted to major general and made Chief of the Air Corps. In this role, he began plans for expanding the Air Corps to place it on par with Army Ground Forces. He also began pushing a large, long-term research and development agenda with the goal improving the Air Corps equipment. World War II With the growing threat from Nazi Germany and Japan, Arnold directed research efforts to exploit existing technologies and drove the development of aircraft such as the Boeing B-17 and Consolidated B-24. In addition, he began pushing for research into the development of jet engines. With the creation of the US Army Air Forces in June 1941, Arnold was made Chief of the Army Air Forces and acting Deputy Chief of Staff for Air. Given a degree of autonomy, Arnold and his staff began planning in anticipation of the US entry into World War II. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Arnold was promoted to lieutenant general and began enacting his war plans which called for the defense of the Western Hemisphere as well as aerial offensives against Germany and Japan. Under his aegis, the USAAF created numerous air forces for deployment in the various theaters of combat. As the strategic bombing campaign commenced in Europe, Arnold continued to press for the development of new aircraft, such as the B-29 Superfortress, and support equipment. Beginning in early 1942, Arnold was named Commanding General, USAAF and made a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combined Chiefs of Staff. In addition to advocating for and supporting strategic bombing, Arnold backed other initiatives such as the Doolittle Raid, the formation of the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs), as well as communicated directly with his top commanders to ascertain their needs firsthand. Promoted to general in March 1943, he soon had the first of several wartime heart attacks. Recovering, he accompanied President Franklin Roosevelt to the Tehran Conference later that year. With his aircraft pounding the Germans in Europe, he began focusing his attention on making the B-29 operational. Deciding against using it Europe, he elected to deploy it to the Pacific. Organized into the Twentieth Air Force, the B-29 force remained under Arnolds personal command and flew first from bases in China and then the Marianas. Working with Major General Curtis LeMay, Arnold oversaw the campaign against the Japanese home islands. These attacks saw LeMay, with Arnolds approval, conduct massive firebombing attacks on Japanese cities. The war finally came to an end when Arnolds B-29s dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Later Life Following the war, Arnold established Project RAND (Research and Development) which was tasked with studying military matters. Traveling to South America in January 1946, he was forced to break off the trip due to declining health. As result, he retired from active service the following month and settled on a ranch in Sonoma, CA. Arnold spent his final years writing his memoirs and in 1949 had his final rank changed to General of the Air Force. The only officer to ever hold this rank, he died on January 15, 1950 and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Selected Sources HistoryNet: General Henry Hap ArnoldHenry H. Arnold

Implications of body communication or non-verbal messages In Assignment

Implications of body communication or non-verbal messages In communicating with the Koreans - Assignment Example Non-verbal way of communication is a way of sending and receiving a message to and from someone through the reading of the gestures, expressions, and signs made by the body. This communication is the most effective way of communication especially when the two people are not of the same culture or language. It prevents one from experiencing any embarrassment because of not delivering the best when communicating verbally. Therefore, most of the Koreans communicate non-verbally with people from different cultures in order to succeed socially and achieve success in a reproductive manner1. Globally, many and different groups of people exist, with each one of then having their own culture. When using non-verbal communication, it becomes easy to socialize with different people from cultures. Different people with different cultures universally know most body signs2. However, culture of a certain group of people influences how they communicate using body signs and gestures. However, several implications will arise when communicating non-verbally with a Korean3. Culture of the Korean influences how they communicate non-verbally. They majorly emphasize the values of Confucian while communicating non-verbally. This applies in that they avoid shame, comparing socially and in terms of conformity. According to the culture of the Koreans, it is extremely vital for one to keep a distance from the person one is communicating with. Therefore, this is a positive attitude because they are in a position to accept any authorities given. They are very strong when it comes to keeping a distance. Therefore, they are very obedient to their superiors. In management, power distance should apply all through to ensure that there is respect between the seniors in a certain company and the juniors of the company. According to scholars, Koreans do not like involvement in declaring ones social identity because this leads to differentiation between two people. When this differentiation comes in, it creates an unusually big distance amongst different people. From this, we ca conclude that, to maintain a health society in a working environment, it is crucial for one to be oriented in the main goal of being in the company rather than individualism because this causes so many differences amongst employees working together4. When handing something to someone, Koreans use the right hand or both hands. They believe using left hand is a rude way in offering something. This shows that one should always be soft and show respect to somebody else despite the status or position in the society. When communicating, Koreans focus greatly on the face of the person communicating with them. They rely greatly on the eyes communication of a person. However, Koreans avoid touching while communicating. Touching is an embarrassing display of behavior in the public5. They believe that any affection should not be displayed when outside. This behavior is very important in a company. It helps in ensu ring that no one learns about any affection between two people easily. From the restraint value of the Confucian, it is clear in Koreans that they take great control when impressing. In most cases, their facial expressions are the main way of communicating. However, in an arguement about a business, they always argue out a problem to reach a solution but in case of silence, this means that there exist no ideas of solving their problem. This is helpful because, they are always ready to give ideas that one has6. Koreans use expressions to soften the communication. In many cases, some things are very difficult to tell another person verbally because they make a person feel more hurt, but when shown through a certain facial expression, they person is not likely to feel a big effect. For effective communication with a Korean, it is important to ensure that he or she keeps a constant look on the face in order to understand more7. This mode of